In response Response a group of Irish conspirators launched Process_start the Irish Rebellion of 1641 , which quickly degenerated Change into a series of massacres Killing of English and Scottish Protestant settlers in Ireland .

Many Catholic royalists were unwilling to serve Giving the Protestant Henry IV , and the army retreated Escaping from Paris .

Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed Coming_to_be into a more general conflict Hostile_encounter involving most of the European great powers .

The northern Protestant states , angered by the violation of their rights to religious liberty , which had been granted Giving in the Peace of Augsburg , banded together to form Coming_to_be the Protestant Union .

The northern Protestant states , angered by the violation of their rights to religious liberty , which had been granted Giving in the Peace of Augsburg , banded together to form Coming_to_be the Protestant Union .

Ferdinand II was a devout Roman Catholic and much less tolerant than his predecessor , Rudolf II , who ruled Legal_rulings from the largely Protestant city of Prague .

These events caused Causation widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe , and triggered Causation the Protestant Bohemians living in the then relatively loose dominion of Habsburg Austria ( and also with the Holy Roman Empire ) to revolt Change_of_leadership against their nominal ruler , Ferdinand II .

After the so-called Defenestration of Prague deposed Change_of_leadership the Emperor 's representatives in Prague , the Protestant estates Besieging and Catholic Habsburgs started Process_start gathering Come_together allies for war .

The Protestant Bohemians ousted Change_of_leadership the Habsburgs and elected Choosing the Calvinist Frederick V , Elector of the Rhenish Palatinate as the new king of the Kingdom of Bohemia .

Frederick took the offer without the support of the Protestant Union .

The Empire soon crushed Destroying the perceived Know Protestant rebellion in the Battle of White Mountain , executing leading Bohemian aristocrats shortly after .

Protestant rulers across Europe unanimously condemned Judgment_communication the Emperor 's action .

After the atrocities committed Commitment in Bohemia , Saxony finally gave Giving its support Supporting to the Protestant Union and decided Deciding to fight Hostile_encounter back .

Sweden , at the time a rising military power , soon intervened Hindering in 1630 under its king Gustavus Adolphus , transforming Change what had been simply the Emperor 's attempt to curb Hindering the Protestant states into a full-scale war in Europe .

Northern Ireland 's police forces – especially the USC , which was almost exclusively Protestant and unionist – were implicated Bodily_harm in a number of attacks Attack on Catholic and Irish nationalist civilians as reprisal Revenge for IRA actions .

This battalion was involved Cause_to_be_included in two other controversial shootings Use_firearm : the Ballymurphy massacre several months before , and the killing Killing of Protestant civilians in the Shankill several months later .

Ten people were killed Killing : one of the IRA bombers , a UDA member and eight Protestant civilians , two of whom were children .

The Cologne War Hostile_encounter ( 1583–88 ) was a conflict Hostile_encounter between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated Destroying the Electorate of Cologne , a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire , within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia , in Germany .

The war occurred Presence within the context of the Protestant Reformation Reforming_a_system in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation , and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt Hostile_encounter and the French Wars Hostile_encounter of Religion .

Complexities of enfeoffment and dynastic `` appanage '' magnified Expansion a localized feud into one including supporters from the Electorate of the Palatinate and Dutch , Scots and English mercenaries on the Protestant side , and Bavarian and papal mercenaries on the Catholic side .

In 1586 , the conflict expanded Expansion further , with the direct involvement Participation of Spanish troops and Italian mercenaries on the Catholic side , and financial and diplomatic support Supporting from Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England on the Protestant side .

Exploiting the hurt religious feelings of the Roman Catholic population under Protestant occupation and organizing Arranging Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the Tyszowce Confederation , John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656 .

In an historical rarity , Protestant and Eastern Orthodox leaders , as well as representatives and heads from Judaism , Islam and Buddhism , offered Giving their own memorials and prayers Rite as a way of sympathising with the grief of Catholics .

In England , the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended Process_end , while in Ireland the victors consolidated Cause_to_amalgamate the established Creating Protestant Rite Ascendancy .

His religion was perceived Know as a short term issue Creating , since his Protestant daughter Mary was heir presumptive , he was 52 and his second marriage Forming_relationships remained Presence childless after 11 years .

As all of those killed Killing were Protestant , some interpreted Statement the bombing as a sectarian attack against their community .

In retaliation Revenge for an Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) ambush Attack of a police raiding Attack party Participation , Protestant loyalists attacked Attack Catholic enclaves , burning Destroying homes and businesses .

The military did not reach Arriving the city until the second day of rioting , by which time the mobs had ransacked Robbery or destroyed Destroying numerous public buildings , two Protestant churches , the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers , many black homes , and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue , which was burned Bodily_harm to the ground .

Both peoples were traditionally Roman Catholic as contrasted with the largely Protestant ( Dutch Reformed ) people of the north .

The rebellion was in equal part a protest by feudal lords against the intrusion of central government into their domains ; a conservative Irish reaction Response to English policies that were altering Change traditional Gaelic society ; and a religious conflict Hostile_encounter , in which the rebels claimed Statement that they were upholding Catholicism against a Protestant queen who had been pronounced Statement a heretic in 1570 by the papal bull `` Regnans in Excelsis '' .

Strategically , the loss Earnings_and_losses of Gustavus Adolphus meant Causation the French became Becoming the dominant power on the `` Protestant '' , or in their case , anti-Habsburg , side , eventually leading to Causation the founding Creating of the League of Heilbronn and the open Openness entry Process_start of France into the war Military_operation .

Because of geographical and linguistic circumstances on the continent of Europe , emigration Escaping was more feasible for Catholics living in Protestant lands than Protestants living in Catholic lands .

The Protestant Reformation , the French–Habsburg rivalry and the numerous civil conflicts of the Holy Roman Empire served Assistance as distractions to the Christians from their conflict with the Ottomans .

This turned Change the tide in James 's failed attempt to regain Recovering the British crown and ultimately aided Assistance in ensuring Statement the continued Protestant ascendancy Control in Ireland .

The revolt incorporated Cause_to_amalgamate some principles and rhetoric from the emerging Coming_to_be Protestant Reformation , through which the peasants sought influence and freedom .

The Dunmanway killings , also known as the Dunmanway murders or the Dunmanway massacre , refers to the killing Killing ( and in some cases , disappearances ) of thirteen Protestant men and boys in and around Dunmanway , County Cork , between 26–28 April 1922 .

While the Catholic minority there mostly backed Irish independence , the Protestant majority were mostly unionist/loyalist .

Subsequent Jacobite risings were confined Hindering to Scotland and England , but the war was to have a lasting effect on the political and cultural landscape of Ireland , confirming Check British and Protestant rule over the country for over two centuries .

The Williamite victories at Derry and the Boyne are still celebrated Social_event by some , mostly Ulster Protestant , unionists in Ireland today .

It was a major turning Change point of the war , the Protestant cause , previously on the verge of defeat Conquering , won several major victories and changed Change the direction of the War .

The Habsburg-Catholic coalition , previously in the ascendant , was significantly weakened Cause_change_of_strength as a result of the gains Getting the Protestant cause made Manufacturing .

His leadership of the Protestant powers of Germany and Europe was critical to the establishment Reforming_a_system of an alternative branch of Christianity recognized Know in Germany , and ensconced it in some forms of international law and custom .

The long-term political consequences of the Protestant victory include Cause_to_be_included the Holy Roman Empire emphasising Expressing_publicly decentralization of power to local magnates and dynasts .

Protestant victory and liberty of religion thereby assured the political and national decentralization of the Empire for several centuries , and made it Causation vulnerable to foreign domination .

The peace was an agreement Agree_or_refuse_to_act between Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and the Protestant powers of the Holy Roman Empire in the 16th century .

The Roman Catholic Church did everything in its power to sow controversy and intrigue between the two major Protestant factions .

As a result , there was no political unity of German Protestant states that could coordinate actions against a Catholic interloper .

Indeed , it was understood Know by Protestants that Catholic officials ( especially imperial or church officials ) were vicious and jealous of the privileges acquired Getting by the Protestants and would do anything in their power to harm Damaging the Protestant cause .

In 1609 , Rudolf granted Giving them concessions with the Letter of Majesty which included Cause_to_be_included religious tolerance and a church for the Bohemian Estate controlled Control by the Protestant nobility .

When the Protestant estates in Bohemia requested Request even more liberties , Rudolf sent Sending in an army to quiet them .